diff --git a/cmd/ry/internal/output/json.go b/cmd/ry/internal/output/json.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6857e38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ry/internal/output/json.go
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package output
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+)
+
+func printJSON(w io.Writer, data any) error {
+	enc := json.NewEncoder(w)
+	enc.SetIndent("", "  ")
+	return enc.Encode(data)
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ry/internal/output/output.go b/cmd/ry/internal/output/output.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7307c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ry/internal/output/output.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package output
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+)
+
+type Printer struct {
+	format string
+	writer io.Writer
+}
+
+func New(format string, w io.Writer) *Printer {
+	return &Printer{format: format, writer: w}
+}
+
+func (p *Printer) Print(data any) error {
+	switch p.format {
+	case "table":
+		return printTable(p.writer, data)
+	case "json":
+		return printJSON(p.writer, data)
+	case "yaml":
+		return printYAML(p.writer, data)
+	case "raw":
+		b, err := json.Marshal(data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		_, err = fmt.Fprintln(p.writer, string(b))
+		return err
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unknown output format: %s", p.format)
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *Printer) PrintRaw(raw []byte) error {
+	_, err := fmt.Fprintln(p.writer, string(raw))
+	return err
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ry/internal/output/output_test.go b/cmd/ry/internal/output/output_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4ee34b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ry/internal/output/output_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+package output
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type testItem struct {
+	ID   string `json:"id"   table:"ID"`
+	Name string `json:"name" table:"NAME"`
+	Age  int    `json:"age"  table:"AGE"`
+}
+
+func TestTableFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	items := []testItem{
+		{ID: "1", Name: "Alice", Age: 30},
+		{ID: "2", Name: "Bob", Age: 25},
+	}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	printer := New("table", &buf)
+	if err := printer.Print(items); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Print table error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "ID") || !strings.Contains(out, "Alice") {
+		t.Errorf("table output missing headers or data:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestJSONFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	items := []testItem{{ID: "1", Name: "Alice", Age: 30}}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	printer := New("json", &buf)
+	if err := printer.Print(items); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Print json error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var parsed []testItem
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(buf.Bytes(), &parsed); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("invalid JSON output: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(parsed) != 1 || parsed[0].ID != "1" {
+		t.Errorf("JSON content mismatch: %+v", parsed)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestYAMLFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	items := []testItem{{ID: "1", Name: "Alice", Age: 30}}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	printer := New("yaml", &buf)
+	if err := printer.Print(items); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Print yaml error: %v", err)
+	}
+	out := buf.String()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "id:") || !strings.Contains(out, "Alice") {
+		t.Errorf("yaml output missing data:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRawFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	raw := []byte(`{"raw":"data"}`)
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	printer := New("raw", &buf)
+	if err := printer.PrintRaw(raw); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("PrintRaw error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if buf.String() != `{"raw":"data"}`+"\n" {
+		t.Errorf("raw output = %q", buf.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// 新增:Print 在 raw 格式下应输出 JSON
+func TestRawPrintFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	items := []testItem{{ID: "1", Name: "Alice", Age: 30}}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	printer := New("raw", &buf)
+	if err := printer.Print(items); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Print raw error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var parsed []testItem
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(buf.Bytes(), &parsed); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("raw Print produced invalid JSON: %v\nbuf=%s", err, buf.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSingleItem(t *testing.T) {
+	item := testItem{ID: "1", Name: "Solo", Age: 99}
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	printer := New("json", &buf)
+	if err := printer.Print(item); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Print single item error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), "Solo") {
+		t.Errorf("single item output missing data:\n%s", buf.String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnknownFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	printer := New("unknown", &buf)
+	err := printer.Print([]testItem{})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error for unknown format")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ry/internal/output/table.go b/cmd/ry/internal/output/table.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11607cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ry/internal/output/table.go
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+package output
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func printTable(w io.Writer, data any) error {
+	v := reflect.ValueOf(data)
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		v = v.Elem()
+	}
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
+		return printTableSlice(w, v)
+	}
+	return printTableSingle(w, v)
+}
+
+func printTableSlice(w io.Writer, v reflect.Value) error {
+	if v.Len() == 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintln(w, "(empty)")
+		return nil
+	}
+	elemType := v.Index(0).Type()
+	if elemType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		elemType = elemType.Elem()
+	}
+	headers, cols := extractTableTags(elemType)
+	if len(headers) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no table tags found on type %s", elemType.Name())
+	}
+
+	rows := make([][]string, v.Len())
+	for i := 0; i < v.Len(); i++ {
+		rows[i] = extractRow(v.Index(i), cols)
+	}
+
+	widths := make([]int, len(headers))
+	for i, h := range headers {
+		widths[i] = len(h)
+	}
+	for _, row := range rows {
+		for i, cell := range row {
+			if len(cell) > widths[i] {
+				widths[i] = len(cell)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	sep := "  "
+	renderRow(w, headers, widths, sep)
+
+	separator := make([]string, len(headers))
+	for i, ww := range widths {
+		separator[i] = strings.Repeat("-", ww)
+	}
+	renderRow(w, separator, widths, sep)
+
+	for _, row := range rows {
+		renderRow(w, row, widths, sep)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func renderRow(w io.Writer, cells []string, widths []int, sep string) {
+	parts := make([]string, len(cells))
+	for i, cell := range cells {
+		parts[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%-*s", widths[i], cell)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(w, strings.Join(parts, sep))
+}
+
+func printTableSingle(w io.Writer, v reflect.Value) error {
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		v = v.Elem()
+	}
+	t := v.Type()
+	for i := 0; i < t.NumField(); i++ {
+		tag := t.Field(i).Tag.Get("table")
+		if tag == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		val := fmt.Sprintf("%v", v.Field(i).Interface())
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%-10s %s\n", tag+":", val)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func extractTableTags(t reflect.Type) ([]string, []int) {
+	var headers []string
+	var cols []int
+	for i := 0; i < t.NumField(); i++ {
+		tag := t.Field(i).Tag.Get("table")
+		if tag == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		headers = append(headers, strings.ToUpper(tag))
+		cols = append(cols, i)
+	}
+	return headers, cols
+}
+
+func extractRow(v reflect.Value, cols []int) []string {
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		v = v.Elem()
+	}
+	row := make([]string, len(cols))
+	for i, idx := range cols {
+		row[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v", v.Field(idx).Interface())
+	}
+	return row
+}
diff --git a/cmd/ry/internal/output/yaml.go b/cmd/ry/internal/output/yaml.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac43285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/ry/internal/output/yaml.go
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package output
+
+import (
+	"io"
+
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+func printYAML(w io.Writer, data any) error {
+	enc := yaml.NewEncoder(w)
+	enc.SetIndent(2)
+	return enc.Encode(data)
+}